However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are customarily sung rather than spoken. From the beginning of the form (about 1600), there has been contention whether the music is paramount, or the words The drama is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting.
VOCAL – OPERA, ORATORIO, chorale, recitative and aria, cantata INSTRUMENTAL – CONCERTO GROSSO, SOLO CONCERTO, FUGUE, Italian overture, French overture, toccata, prelude, chorale prelude, dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da camera, sonata da chiesa),ġ1 OPERA Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Italy, in which the emotional content or primary entertainment is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics.
The new-fangled instrumentation and orchestration soon spread to the rest of Europe and soon became the standard solo instrumental grouping.ĩ Typical forms used by Baroque composersīinary (AB) Ternary (including the da capo aria) (ABA) Rondo (ABACADA) Variations (including the ground bass, chaconne, passacaglia) Ritornello form Fugue As well as violins and woodwind, the baroque orchestra would have still contained continuo instruments such as the harpsichord or theorbo (lute). Its origins were in France where Jean-Baptiste Lully added oboes (hautboys) and transverse flutes to his vingt-quatre violons du Roy. Ribbons of sound- oboes and trumpets against strings, or Blocks of sound- contrasting groups- strings then wind then tutti (all) resulting in terraced dynamics rather than crescendo or diminuendo.ħ Baroque Orchestra The Baroque Orchestra is the earliest example of a true orchestra which came into existence in the mid-late 1600s. Organ or harpsichord continuo to build up chords on a bass line (figured bass), Effects of contrast- dynamics and textures. Strings to which composers would add 1 or 2 flutes (or recorders), oboes, bassoons, perhaps horns, occasionally trumpets and kettle drums. The harpsichord family is thought to have originated when a keyboard was affixed to the end of a psaltery, providing a mechanical means to pluck the strings.Ħ Baroque Orchestra Typical features include: All these instruments generate sound by plucking a string rather than striking one, as in a piano or clavichord. Often, energetic rhythms drive the music forward: melodies are frequently long and flowing, and decorated with ornaments (eg appoggiaturas, trills) contrasts (particularly in concertos), of instrumental timbres, of few instruments against many, of loud contrasted against soft (“terraced dynamics”, sometimes echo effects), and “blocks” of sound of different timbres (eg strings and wind alternately, then together).Ī harpsichord is the general term for a family of European keyboard instruments, including the large instrument nowadays called a harpsichord, but also the smaller virginals and the spinet. Main types of Baroque music: vocal – chorale, recitative and aria, opera, oratorio, cantata instrumental – Italian overture, French overture, toccata, prelude, chorale prelude, dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da camera, sonata da chiesa), concerto grosso, solo concerto. Typical forms used by Baroque composers: binary, ternary (including the da capo aria), rondeau, variations (including the ground bass, chaconne, passacaglia), ritornello form, fugue. The violin family takes over from the viols the orchestra begins to take shape, with the string section as a firm basis – always with keyboard continuo (harpsichord or organ) filling out the harmonies above the figured bass and decorating the musical texture.Ĥ Fingerprints 2 The system of modes falls out of use by the end of the 17th century music is now based on major and minor scales.
The same musical mood is usually kept throughout an entire piece. The basso continuo, or figured bass, becomes the musical foundation for most types of piece – providing a purposeful bass-line (sometimes a “walking bass”) making the music move steadily onwards.
#QUAVER DESCRIBED THE BAROQUE PERIOD AS PLUS#
First used to describe the highly decorative style of architecture at the time.Įarly Baroque composers favour a light, homophonic musical texture – melody plus simple chordal accompaniment but before long, there is a return to polyphonic (contrapuntal) textures. Bach.) From the Portuguese word “barroco” meaning an ornamented piece of jewellery. 2 Baroque DATES: BAROQUE: The Baroque period stretches roughly from 1600 to 1750 (coincides with the death of J.S.
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